How Your Heart Works
Posted by sk Gaur on 8:59 PM · Leave a comment
Everyone knows that the heart is a vital organ. We cannot live without our heart. However, when you get right down to it, the heart is just a pump. A complex and important one, yes, but still just a pump. As with all other pumps it can become clogged, break down and need repair. This is why it is critical that we know how the heart works. With a little knowledge about your heart and what is good or bad for it, you can significantly reduce your risk for heart disease.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Almost 2,000 Americans die of heart disease each day. That is one death every 44 seconds. The good news is that the death rate from heart disease has been steadily decreasing. Unfortunately, heart disease still causes sudden death and many people die before even reaching the
The heart holds a special place in our collective psyche as well. Of course the heart is synonymous with love. It has many other associations, too. Here are just a few examples:
- have a heart - be merciful
- change of heart - change your mind
- to know something by heart - memorize something
- broken heart - to lose love
- heartfelt - deeply felt
- have your heart in the right place - to be kind
- cry your heart out - to grieve
- heavy heart - sadness
- have your heart set on - to want something badly
Certainly no other bodily organ elicits this kind of response. When was the last time you had a heavy pancreas?
In this article, we will look at this important organ so that you can understand exactly what makes your heart tick.
he Human Heart
The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscle located between the lungs and behind the sternum (breastbone). Two-thirds of the heart is located to the left of the midline of the body and 1/3 is to the right (see Figure 1).
Figure 1
[Please note - Medical illustrations assume that the patient is
facing you so that the right and left correspond to the patient's
right and left. That's why the left and right labels here seem backwards.]
Heart Sounds
When someone listens to your heart with a stethoscope the sound is often described as lub-dub lub-dub. The first heart sound (lub) is caused by the acceleration and deceleration of blood and a vibration of the heart at the time of the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves. The second heart sound (dub) is caused by the same acceleration and deceleration of blood and vibrations at the time of closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves.
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The apex (pointed end) points down and to the left. It is 5 inches (12 cm) long, 3.5 inches (8-9 cm) wide and 2.5 inches (6 cm) from front to back, and is roughly the size of your fist. The average weight of a female human heart is 9 ounces and a male's heart is 10.5 ounces. The heart comprises less than 0.5 percent of the total body weight.
The heart has three layers. The smooth, inside lining of the heart is called the endocardium. The middle layer of heart muscle is called the myocardium. It is surrounded by a fluid filled sac call the pericardium.
Chambers and Valves
The heart is divided into four chambers: (see Figure 2)
- right atrium (RA)
- right ventricle (RV)
- left atrium (LA)
- left ventricle (LV)
Figure 2
Each chamber has a sort of one-way valve at its exit that prevents blood from flowing backwards. When each chamber contracts, the valve at its exit opens. When it is finished contracting, the valve closes so that blood does not flow backwards.
Pulse Rates
Everyone's pulse (average heart rate per minute) changes as we age. Here is a chart of average pulse rates at different ages:
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- The tricuspid valve is at the exit of the right atrium.
- The pulmonary valve is at the exit of the right ventricle.
- The mitral valve is at the exit of the left atrium.
- The aortic valve is at the exit of the left ventricle.
When the heart muscle contracts or beats (calledsystole), it pumps blood out of the heart. The heart contracts in two stages. In the first stage, the right and left atria contract at the same time, pumping blood to the right and left ventricles. Then the ventricles contract together to propel blood out of the heart. Then the heart muscle relaxes (called diastole) before the next heartbeat. This allows blood to fill up the heart again.
The right and left sides of the heart have separate functions. The right side of the heart collects oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The left side of the heart then collects oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body so that the cellsthroughout your body have the oxygen they need to function properly.
Blood Flow
All blood enters the right side of the heart through two veins: The superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior vena cava (IVC) (see figure 3).
The SVC collects blood from the upper half of the body. The IVC collects blood from the lower half of the body. Blood leaves the SVC and the IVC and enters the right atrium (RA) (3).
When the RA contracts, the blood goes through the tricuspid valve (4) and into the right ventricle (RV) (5). When the RV contracts, blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve (6), into the pulmonary artery (PA) (7) and into the lungs where it picks up oxygen.
Figure 3
Why does it happen this way? Because blood returning from the body is relatively poor in oxygen. It needs to be full of oxygen before being returned to the body. So the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs first to pick up oxygen before going to the left side of the heart where it is returned to the body full of oxygen.
Heartbeat, It's a Love Beat
The average heartbeat is 72 times per minute. In the course of one day it beats over 100,000 times. In one year the heart beats almost 38 million times, and by the time you are 70 years old, on average, it's made it to 2.5 billion beats.
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Blood now returns to the heart from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins (8) and goes into the left atrium(LA) (9). When the LA contracts, blood travels through themitral valve (10) and into the left ventricle (LV) (11). The LV is a very important chamber that pumps blood through the aortic valve (12) and into the aorta (13). The aorta is the main artery of the body. It receives all the blood that the heart has pumped out and distributes it to the rest of the body. The LV has a thicker muscle than any other heart chamber because it must pump blood to the rest of the body against much higher pressure in the general circulation (blood pressure).
Here is a recap of what we just discussed. Blood from the body flows:
- to the superior and inferior vena cava,
- then to the right atrium
- through the tricuspid valve
- to the right ventricle
- through the pulmonic valve
- to the pulmonary artery
- to the lungs
The blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, and then flows from the lungs:
- to the pulmonary veins
- to the left atrium
- through the mitral valve
- to the left ventricle
- through the aortic valve
- to the aorta
- to the body
The Body's Electrical System
Have you ever wondered what makes your heart beat? How does it do it automatically, every second of every minute of every hour of every day?
The answer lies in a special group of cells that have the ability to generate electrical activity on their own. These cells separate charged particles. Then they spontaneously leak certain charged particles into the cells. This produces electrical impuses in the pacemaker cells which spread over the heart, causing it to contract. These cells do this more than once per second to produce a normal heart beat of 72 beats per minute.
The natural pacemaker of the heart is called the sinoatrial node (SA node). It is located in the right atrium. The heart also contains specialized fibers that conduct the electrical impulse from the pacemaker (SA node) to the rest of the heart (see Figure 4).
Figure 4
The electrical impulse leaves the SA node (1) and travels to the right and left atria, causing them to contract together. This takes .04 seconds. There is now a natural delay to allow the atria to contract and the ventricles to fill up with blood. The electrical impulse has now traveled to the atrioventricular node (AV node) (2). The electrical impulse now goes to the Bundle of His (3), then it divides into the right and left bundle branches (4) where it rapidly spreads using Purkinje fibers (5) to the muscles of the right and left ventricle, causing them to contract at the same time.
Any of the electrical tissue in the heart has the ability to be a pacemaker. However, the SA node generates an electric impulse faster than the other tissue so it is normally in control. If the SA node should fail, the other parts of the electrical system can take over, although usually at a slower rate.
Click the play button to see the heart muscle cells in action.If the animation above isn't working,click here to get the Shockwave player.
Although the pacemaker cells create the electrical impulse that causes the heart to beat, other nerves can change the rate at which the pacemaker cells fire and the how strongly the heart contracts. These nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system has two parts - The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nerves increase the heart rate and increase the force of contraction. The parasympathetic nerves do the opposite.
All this activity produces electrical waves we can measure. The measurement is typically represented as a graph called an electrocardiogram (EKG). Here is an example of three heartbeats from an EKG (Figure 5):
Figure 5
Each part of the tracing has a lettered name:
- P wave - coincides with the spread of electrical activity over the atria and the beginning of its contraction.
- QRS complex - coincides with the spread of electrical activity over the ventricles and the beginning of its contraction.
- T wave - coincides with the recovery phase of the ventricles.
Electrical system abnormalities can range from minor premature beats (skipped beats) that do not require treatment, to slow or irregular beats that require an artificial pacemaker.
IAS Pre: GS - Gist of Indian Year Book - Defence
Posted by sk Gaur on 8:36 PM · Leave a comment
Gist of Indian Year Book
Defence
Defence
- The Supreme command of the Armed forces vests in the President of India. The responsibility for national defence, however, rests with the Cabinet. The Defence Minister (Raksha Mantri) is responsible to Parliament. for all matters concerning defence of the country. Administrative and operational control of the armed forces is exercised by the Ministry of Defence and the three Service Headquarters.
Organisation
- Tie principal task of the Ministry is to frame policy directions on Defence and security related matters and communicate them for implementation to the Services Headquarters, Inter- Service Organisations, Production Establishments and Research & Development Organisations.
- The principal functions of the Departments are as follows:
- After Independence, Ministry of Defence was created under the charge of a Cabinet Minister and each service was placed under its own Commander-in -chief, (tn 1955, the Commanders- in-chief were renamed as the Chief of the Army Staff, the Chief of the Nval Staff and Chief of the Air Staff, in November, 1962 a Department of Defence Supplies was created for planning and execution of schemes for import substitution of defence requirements! In 2004, the name of the Department of Defence Production and Supplies was changed to Department of Defence Production. In 1980, the Department of Ex- ervicemen Welfare was-created
- The Department of Defence deals with the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) and three Services and various Inter-Service Organisations. It is also responsible for the Defence Budget, establishment matters, Defence policy, matters relating to Parliament.
- The Department of Defence Production deals with matters pertaining to defence production, indigenisation of imported stores, equipment and spares, planning and control of departmental production units of the Ordnance Factory Board.
- The Department of Defence Research and Development is headed by a Secretary, who is - the Scientific Adviser to the Raksha Mantri. Its function is on advise the Government on scientific aspects of military equipment and logistics and the formulation of research, design and development plans for equipment required by the Services.
- The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare, deals with all resettlement, welfare and pensionary matters of Ex-Servicemen.
- Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) was created on October 1,2001. Since then, HQ IDS has been- acting as the single point organisation f6rincülcatingjdmtness and synergy between the Armed Forces, by way of integrating policy, doctrine, war fighting and procurement.
- The three Services Headquarters, viz., the Army Headquarters, the Naval Headquarters and the Air Headquarters function under the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) respectively. The Inter- Service Organisations, under the Department of Defence are responsible for carrying out tasks related to common needs of the three Services such as medical care, public relations and ersonnel management of civilian staff in the Defence Headquarters.
Army
- It is organized into operational commands, each under a General Officer of the rank of Lieutenant General
- The field formations in army are Corps, Division, and Brigade commanded by a General Commanding Officer and his rank is as follows:
Territorial Army
- The Tejtprja1 Army was established in 1948.
- The Territorial Army is a voluntary, part-time citizen’s Army.
- In recent times, a maximum of 22 units were embodied in Operational Rakshak, Operation Vijay and Operation Parakram.
Navy
- Around 97 per cent of India’s trade amounting to 273 million tonnes and valued at $83 billion annually comes from the seas.
- The entire import of more than 50 million tonnes of oil and gas comes by the sea. The air squadrons INAS311 and IN AS 350 were commissioned on 24th March, 2009. Indian Naval Air Station Parundu was commissioned on26th March, 2009 a Uchipull in Ramnad District Tamil Nadu. INS Airavat, The fifth LST (L) Class Ship was Commissioned on 19th May, 2009 at Visakhapatnam.’INS Chetlat and Car Nicobar were commissioned on 16th February, 2009. ENS Cheriyarn and Cora Divh were Commissioned on 10th September, 2009. INS Shivalik was commissioned on 29th April, 2010
- INS Shardul, landing ship tank (large), was commissioned at Naval base, Karwar on January 4, 2007. INS Jalashwa acquired from US was commissioned at Norfolk (USA) on June. 22, 20O7. The ship is the first Landing, Platform Dock (LDP) in the Indian Navy.
- The Indian Navy (IN), by virtue of its capability, strategic positioning and robust presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), has been a catalyst for peace, tranquility and stability in the IOR.
- The firing of Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Derby Missile has been conducted successfully. Six UH3H Utility helicopters have been inducted in the service.
- In continuation with the policy of enhancing cooperation with foreign navies, a series of exercises were conducted. This included Indra 01/09, Konkan O9, Malabar 10, Varuna 10 and SIMBEK 10.
- Intensive Flying Training Unit (IFTU) for UH3H helicopters has been set up. The unit was commissioned as Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 350 on March 23, 2009.
- Indigenously built INS Kesari was commissioned into the Indian Navy in April 2008. Two Water Jet- Fast Attack Crafts Chetlat and Car Nicobar were commissioned into the Indian Navy in February 2009.
Coastguard
- The Coast Guard was established as an independent service on August 19, I978as per the Coast Guard Act, 1978. Since its inception, the Coast Guard has acquired-a wide range of platforms both surface and airborne to undertake the assigned tasks during peace time and to supplement the efforts of Indian Navy during war.
- The command and control of the Coast Guard - rests with the Director General of Indian Coast Guard at New Delhi. The Organisation has four Regional Headquarters i.e. Mumbai, Chennai, Gandhinagar and Port Blair. The Coast Guard is mandated to keep India’s EEZ measuring over 2.02 million Sq Km.
- Safety and protection of artificial islands and offshore terminals, installations and devices in Maritime Zones.
- Protection and “assistance to fishermen at sea while in distress.
- Preservation and protection of marine environment.
- Prevention and control of marine pollution.
Other matters, including measures for the safety of life and property at sea and collection of scientific data. In addition to the mandate laid down under section 14 of Coast Guard Act, 1975, the Indian Coast Guard has also been entrusted the following lead roles:-
- Offshore Security Co-ordination Committee.
- National Maritime Search and Rescue Co-ordinating Authority.
- Lead Intelligence Agency for Coastal and Sea Border.
- Coastal Security in territorial waters.
- 11 Coast Guard District Headquarters located along the coastal States of India
Air Force
- It was formed on October 8, 1932.
- The Chief of Air Staff at Air Headquarters in New Delhi is assisted by the Vice-Chief of Air Staff. The Vice Chief of Air Staff is responsible for operations whereas the Deputy Chief of Air Staff is responsible for acquisition and planning. The Inspector General looks after the operational readiness, flight safety and inspection.
- The IAF has inducted state-of-the-art Su- 3OMKI aircraft in operational squadrons. Twenty Hawk AJT aircraft have also been inducted’ procurement contract of C-130-30 aircraft for special operations from US Government has been signed.
- A contract has been signed with M/s Rosonboron Export Russia for delivery of Mi-17V5 helicopters.
- Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) are being procured to significantly enhance the effectiveness of both Offensive and Defensive operations of the IAF.
- Contract for MiG-29 mid life upgrade and extension of total technical life was signed with RAC MIG, Russia. IAF is also processing upgradation of the Mirage-2000 and Jaguar aircrafts and Mi- 17 helicopters in order to optimise their utilization. To keep the DO-228 aircraft abreast with the latest technology, all the existing aircrafts are being upgraded with the latest avionics.
- The upgrade of DARIN-I Jaguar aircraft to DARIN-III standard has been approved and is planned to be completed by 2017-2018.
AIR FORCE | ||
The Air Force is organized into the following five (operation and two (functional) command;
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| S.No. |
Command
| Headquarters |
| 1 | Western Air Command | Delhi |
| 2 | South-Western Air Command | Gandhi Nagar |
| 3 | Central Air Command | Allahabad |
| 4 | Eastern Air Command | Shillong |
| 5 | Southern Air Command | Thiruvanan thapuram |
II. Functional Commands | ||
| 1 | Training Command | Bengaluru |
| 2 | Maintenance Command | Nagpur |
AIR FORCE TRAINING INSTITUTIONS | ||
| S.No. | Name | Located at |
| 1 | Air Force Administrative College | Coimbatore |
| 2 | Air Force Academy | Hyderabad |
| 3 | Air Force Technical College | Jalahalli |
| 4 | Air Force School | Sambra (Belgaum) |
| 5 | Flying Instructors’ School | Tambaram |
| 6 | Ground Training School | Avadi |
| 7 | Navigation and Signals School | Hyderabad |
| 8 | College of Air Welfare | Secunderbad |
Commissioned Ranks
The following are the commissioned ranks in the three Services; each rank is shown opposite its equivalent in the other Service:
| Army | Navy | Air Force |
| General | Admiral | Air Chief Marshal |
| Lieutenant General | Vice-Admiral | Air Marshal |
| Major General | Rear Admiral | Air Vice-Marshal |
| Brigadier | Commodore | Air Commodore |
| Colonel | Captain | Group Captain |
| Lieutenant Colonel | Commander | Wing Commander |
| Major | Lieutenant Commander | Squadron Leader |
| Captain | Lieutenant | Flight Lieutenant |
| Lieutenant | Sub-Lieutenant | Flying Officer |
Recruitment
Recruitment of Commissioned Officers in Armed Forces through UPSC: Commissioned Officers in the Armed Forces are recruited mainly through the UPSC which conducts the following two All India Competitive Examinations:
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Training for Defence Services
| SUBMARINES
WARSHIPS
MISSILE BOATS
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Defence Production
The Department of Defence Production deals with the indigenization, development and production of defence equipment both in the public and private sectors.
Ordnance Factories
Defence Undertakings
| Products and Systems Developed by DRDO
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Bharat Earth Movers Ltd.
- (BEML Ltd.) is engaged in the design, manufacturing, marketing and fter sales support of a wide range of Mining & Construction equipment, Defence products and Railway Metro products. BEML was established in 1965 and commenced operations from January 1965.
- Mazagair Dock Limited (MDL) is a Premier Ship Builder of the Nation. MDL is engaged in construction of warships including Destroyers, Corvettes, Submarines, New Generation Stealth Frigates, Offshore Patrol Vessels; construction of various types of merchant ships and repairs/ modernization of warships, submarines and merchant ships.
- Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) is one of the leading shipyards, building medium- sized sophisticated vessels for Indian Navy, Indian Coast Guard and others. It commenced functioning with its own Board of Directors since September 29, 1967. Government of India has conferred the status of Mini Ratna, Category-I in March 2007. Goa Shipyard Limited is an ISO- 9001 certified company.
- Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) has kept pace withthe expanding maritime interests of India. The Company has been granted the Category-i Mini Ratna status. The main business activity of GRSE is shipbuilding and ship repair for the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.
- Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) was established in 1970 for manufacture of Guided Missiles. It is one of the few strategic industries in the world that possesses the capability to produce state-of-theart missiles. BDL is engaged in the production of Konkurs-M and Invar (3UBK-20) Anti Guided Missiles in collaboration with Russian developed CMDS (Counter Measures Dispensing System) has been accepted by the Indian Air Force. BDL is working in close association with DRDO for technology absorption/assimilation and extending support by providing missile subsystems integration of missiles for conducting trials of missiles like Akash, Nag, Article K-15 and Agni Variants (Al, A2 and A3). Advanced Light Weight Tropedo (TAL); Heavy Weight Rorpedo (Varunastra) anI Light Weight Mines in Concurrent Engineering mode in association with NSTL, Visakhapatanam
- Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI) was incorporated as a Public Sector Undertaking under the Administrative Control of Department of Defence Production & Supplies, Ministry of Defence in 1973.
Defence Research and Development Organisation
- DRDO, came into existence in 1958 with the amalgamation of Technical ‘Development Establishment (TDES) of Indian Army and Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTD&P) with Defence Science Organisation (DSO).
- DRDO is headed by the Scientific Advisor to Raksha Mantri, who is also the Secretary,
- Department of Defence R&D and Director General R&D. Dr. DS Kothari, the eminent scientist and educationist was the first to head the organisation. The corporate headquarter of DRDO-is at DRDO Bhawan, an environment friendly building located at Rajaji Marg, New Delhi.
- “Balasya mulam vi am” i.e. “The source of strength is Science” is the tag line of DRDO. It is Science that drives the nation in war and peace. The Organisation has two tier structure, viz, the Corporate Hqrs at New Delhi; and laboratories establishments, regional centres, field stations, etc. across the length and breadth of the country. DRDO Hqrs, under the Department of Defence Research and Development, is organized into two sets of Directorates i.e. the Corporate Directorates and the Technical Directorates. The laboratories, based on their core-competence, are classified into to nine clusters namely, Aeronautics, Armaments, Combat Vehicles and Engineering, Electronics and Computer Sciences, Materials, Missiles and Strategic Systems, Micro Electronics and Devices, Naval Research and Development, and Life Sciences.
Resettlement of Ex-Servicemen
- The Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare (ESW) formulates various policies and programmes for the welfare and resettlement of Ex-servicemen (ESM) in the country.
Entrepreneur Schemes
- The schemes in operation at present are SEMFEX-II and SEMFEX-III comprising ventures in rural areas in agriculture, industry and service sectors. The lending institutions are Nationalised Banks, Cooperative Banks, Regional/Rural Banks etc. Subsidy of 25%-30% is available for these schemes. Application ‘for loan is submitted by ex-servicemen directly to the Bank through concerned Zila Sainik Boards.
- SEMFEX-II Scheme : The Scheme was started in 1988 with the assistance of National Bank for Agriculture and (NABARD) for funding the entrepreneurship in agriculture, industry and service sectors in rural areas. Subsidy upto 25% of project cost is provided.
- SE1PEX-III : The scheme was started in 1992 with the assistance of Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for setting up of textile, village, cottage, tiny and small scale industries in rural areas. Loan up to Rs. 25 lakhs and subsidy upto 30% is provided under the scheme.
List of Chief Ministers of India -- Updated 2012
Posted by sk Gaur on 8:04 PM · Leave a comment
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Andhra Pradesh -- Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy
Arunachal Pradesh -- Nabam Tuki
Assam -- Tarun Kumar Gogoi
Bihar -- Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh -- Raman Singh
New Delh Sheila Dikshit
Goa Digambar Kamat
Gujarat Narendra Modi
Haryana Bhupinder Singh Hooda
Himachal Pradesh Prem Kumar Dhumal
Jammu & Kashmir Omar Abdulla
Jharkhand Arjun Munda
Karnataka D.V.Sadananda Gowda
Kerala Oommen Chandy
Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chauhan
Maharashtra Prithviraj Chavan
Manipur Okram Ibobi Singh
Meghalaya Mukul Sangma
Mizoram Lal Thanhawla
Nagaland Neiphiu Rio
Orissa Naveen Patnaik
Puducherry N.Rangaswammy
Punjab Prakash Singh Badal
Rajasthan Ashok Gehlot
Sikkim Prakash Kumar Chamling
Tamil Nadu J.Jayalalithaa
Tripura Manik Sarkar
UttaraKhand B.C.Khanduri
Uttar Pradesh Mayawati
West Bengal Mamata BanerjeeIndia Information
Posted by sk Gaur on 2:00 AM · Leave a commentI N D I A Information- Indian Government - Information on President, Prime Minister and the Cabinet
Following information from the Ministry of External Affairs:
I N D I A
(This reference publication contains information on diverse aspects of India - its geography and demographic feature, polity, economy, society and culture. The information is gathered from various ministries/states and other organizations.)
(Documents are in Portable Document Format (PDF) format. In order to view PDF documents, users must first download the free Acrobat Reader software, which lets you view, navigate through, and print PDF documents. Detailed instructions for downloading and installing the Acrobat Reader are available athttp://www.adobe.com/acrobat/readstep.html. If you are not able to complete the indicated procedure, a Troubleshooting guide is available. For best results, make sure you have installed version 3.0 or later of the Acrobat Reader.)- General Information (as of 2000) ( for current Information on Indian Government)
Pan- African e-network project
Posted by sk Gaur on 1:34 AM · Leave a comment****************Pan- African e-network project********************** 
India, in a joint initiative with the African Union, has launched the Pan-African e-network project, which will support tele-education, telemedicine, e-commerce, e-governance, infotainment, resource-mapping and meteorological services.
This project provides seamless and integrated satellite, fibre optics and wireless network, that connects 53 learning centres, 53 Remote Hospitals, 5 Regional Universities, and 5 Regional Hospitals spread all over Africa. From India 7 leading Universities and 12 Super Speciality Hospitals will provide the expert domain services through Tele-education and Tele-medicine respectively.
Phase 1 of Pan –African e-Network project was inaugurated by Hon’ble Mr.Pranab Mukherjee on 26th February 2009 whereas Phase 2 of Pan African e-Network project was inaugurated on 16th August 2010 by Hon’ble Mr.S.M.Krishna.
Tele Medicine
The Tele-Medicine connectivity will enable 12 Super Specialty Hospitals to provide expert services to 53 Remote Hospitals that are equipped with the medical equipments such as Electro-Cardio-Gram (ECG), Ultra Sound, and pathology and X-Ray at each location.
Each remote location are to be equipped with Tele-Medicine hardware, camera and software. The software will be an integrated package capable of managing the patients, storing and forwarding the medical records and analyzing digitally signed prescription for advice to the remote patients. Any doctor from any of the remote locations can refer the patient`s medical records to any of the Super Specialty Hospital and have a Tele-Medicine video session for live diagnosis and advice by the doctors on a scheduled time in association with the provider, Super Specialty Hospital, and the receiver and the Remote Tele-Medicine center.
Tele Education
The Tele-Education connectivity will enable 5 African Regional Leading Universities to be connected to the Hub via a 2mbbs broadband/VSAT (forward/uplink 2mbps/Return/downlink 512kbps) to 53 Remote Virtual Classes distributed in all the 53 countries.
Seven universities from India are connected via IPLC to the Hub located in Africa. India hosted a Tele-Education LMS portal comprising the university Tele-Education delivery system software that will incorporate the e-Learning, content management KMS (knowledge Management System) and digital library solutions for each university as an integrated package. All information about courses, Universities and learning Centers in India can be accessed from the portal.
Access to the Tele-Education will be possible from anywhere with an Internet connection for other registered student/users. Online and offline lecture sessions will be provided under the Tele-Education network. After a live session, the session will be recorded in a knowledge management system for offline Access. The content management software will be flexible, scalable, and configurable. The African Universities will be able to configure and generate their own local content designed for local need.Facts and figures
Posted by sk Gaur on 1:26 AM · Leave a comment
1. A supercomputer is a very powerful computational machine capable of processing trillions of commands per second.
2. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems including quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling and physical simulations.
3. They are also used to formulate complex weather models, on Earth and the Sun, and assist in global warming research.
4. They can also be used to simulate events like tsunami impact or atomic behavior.
5. The first supercomputer was invented by American Seymour Cray in 1960 named as CDC 1604, known as the "father of supercomputing".
6. Indian Space Research Organisation, the country’s premier space-research institution, unveiled India’s fastest supercomputer, SAGA-220.
7. Currently, Japan's K computer, built by Fujitsu in Kobe, Japan is the fastest in the world.
8. The processing speed is measured in floating point operations per second (flops), or the number of calculations a supercomputer can perform in a second.
9. The US is the leader of supercomputers, accounting for 274 of the 500 fastest supercomputers in the world. China comes second, with 41 supercomputers. India has 40 supercomputers.
10. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.CLOUD COMPUTING
Posted by sk Gaur on 1:19 AM · Leave a comment
........................................CLOUD COMPUTING................. .......................... ...
The term cloud computing refers to the delivery of scalable IT resources over the Internet, as opposed to hosting and operating those resources locally. Those resources can include applications and services, as well as the infrastructure on which they operate.
By deploying IT infrastructure and services over the network, an organization can purchase these resources on an as-needed basis and avoid the capital costs of software and hardware.
Cloud Computing Architecture
Cloud computing system consists of the front end and the back end. They connect to each other through a network, usually the Internet.
The front end includes the client's computer (or computer network) and the application required to access the cloud computing system. On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data storage systems that create the "cloud" of computing services.
A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. It follows a set of rules called protocols and uses a special kind of software called middleware. Middleware allows networked computers to communicate with each other.
Cloud Computing Deployment Models
• Community cloud
It shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud, so only some of the benefits of cloud computing are realized.
• Public Cloud
A public cloud is established where several organizations have similar requirements and seek to share infrastructure so as to realize some of the benefits of cloud computing. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a single tenant). This option offers a higher level of privacy, security, and/or policy compliance. In addition, it can be economically attractive as the resources (storage, workstations) utilized and shared in the community are already exploited.
• Hybrid cloud
Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. It can also be defined as multiple cloud systems that are connected in a way that allows programs and data to be moved easily from one deployment system to another.
• Private cloud
Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management, essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".
Advantages
a) Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time. They could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the Internet. Data wouldn't be confined to a hard drive on one user's computer or even a corporation's internal network.
b) It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side.
c) Corporations have to buy the software for employees according to the individual need but Cloud computing systems give these organizations company-wide access to computer applications. The companies don't have to buy a set of software or software licenses for every employee. Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a cloud computing company.
d) Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end.
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